Proca stars: Gravitating Bose–Einstein condensates of massive spin 1 particles
Why is this work in the frame?
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Full frame distilled prediction
Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
- Candidate categories
- none
- Consensus categories
- none
- Domain
- Candidate signal: noneConsensus signal: none
- Study design
- Candidate signal: Theoretical or conceptualConsensus signal: Theoretical or conceptual
- Genre
- Candidate signal: EmpiricalConsensus signal: Empirical
- Teacher disagreement score
- 0.166
- Threshold uncertainty score
- 0.489
- Validation status
machine_predicted_unvalidated·codex-gemma-dda1882f352a
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
- Teacher spread
- 0.247 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
- Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline· verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it
Abstract
We establish that massive complex Abelian vector fields (mass μ ) can form gravitating solitons , when minimally coupled to Einstein's gravity. Such Proca stars (PSs) have a stationary, everywhere regular and asymptotically flat geometry . The Proca field, however, possesses a harmonic time dependence (frequency w ), realizing Wheeler's concept of geons for an Abelian spin 1 field. We obtain PSs with both a spherically symmetric (static) and an axially symmetric (stationary) line element. The latter form a countable number of families labelled by an integer m ∈ Z + . PSs, like (scalar) boson stars, carry a conserved Noether charge, and are akin to the latter in many ways. In particular, both types of stars exist for a limited range of frequencies and there is a maximal ADM mass, M max , attained for an intermediate frequency. For spherically symmetric PSs (rotating PSs with m = 1 , 2 , 3 ), M max ≃ 1.058 M Pl 2 / μ ( M max ≃ 1.568 , 2.337 , 3.247 M Pl 2 / μ ), slightly larger values than those for (mini-)boson stars. We establish perturbative stability for a subset of solutions in the spherical case and anticipate a similar conclusion for fundamental modes in the rotating case. The discovery of PSs opens many avenues of research, reconsidering five decades of work on (scalar) boson stars, in particular as possible dark matter candidates.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
The record
- Venue
- Physics Letters B
- Topic
- Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
- Field
- Physics and Astronomy
- Canadian institutions
- Perimeter Institute
- Funders
- Horizon 2020 Framework ProgrammeInstitut Périmètre de physique théoriqueFundação para a Ciência e a TecnologiaMinistero dello Sviluppo EconomicoIndustry CanadaEuropean CommissionFP7 People: Marie-Curie ActionsGovernment of CanadaStrong
- Keywords
- PhysicsBosonStarsScalar (mathematics)GravitationAbelian groupSpin (aerodynamics)Noether's theoremScalar fieldMathematical physicsAstrophysicsQuantum mechanicsGeometryCombinatorics
- Has abstract in OpenAlex
- yes