Pro‐apoptotic effects of retinoic acid on activated canine neutrophils
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Neutrophils are the key cellular component of innate immune system. Accumulation of activated neutrophils that live longer cause considerable tissue injury, which is central to the pathogenesis of many inflammatory conditions. Retinoids are a class of lipophilic compounds that include natural vitamin A and its synthetic derivatives which have anti‐inflammatory effects. We examined the effect of retinoic acid on apoptosis in normal and activated neutrophils using light microscopy, electron microscopy, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) assay, and Annexin V staining. Our results indicated that treatment with 1 μg/ml bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 12 hours delayed the spontaneous neutrophil apoptosis as compared to untreated cells. But treatment of cells with both LPS (1 μg/ml) and retinoic acid (1 and 5 μM) abolished inhibitory effects of LPS on neutrophil apoptosis in a concentration‐ dependant manner. These results provide new insights on the effects of retinoic acid on neutrophil apoptosis and this effect could enhance the resolution of inflammation. Grant Funding Source : Research supported by WCVM Vitamin Class Action Settlement Fund
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".