Growth and characterization of ferroelectric Pb(Sc<sub>1/2</sub>Nb<sub>1/2</sub>)O<sub>3</sub>single crystals
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Single crystals of Pb(Sc1/2Nb1/2)O3 were grown by the high-temperature solution method using PbO + B2O3 as flux. The size of the as-grown crystals varies from 1 to 2 mm. X-ray diffraction indicates a pure perovskite phase without B-site ordering. Polarized light microscopy shows that the crystals are of rhombohedral symmetry at room temperature and become cubic at TC = 112 °C on heating. A ferroelectric-to-relaxor phase transition is verified at TC by dielectric spectroscopy. Frequency-dependent permittivity is observed in dielectric measurements, revealing relaxor behavior above TC. Poling the crystal at room temperature does not change TC, but suppresses the permittivity. Typical ferroelectric hysteresis loop is displayed at room temperature, indicating the ferroelectric nature of the rhombohedral phase.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".