POST-FLEDGING BROODS OF MIGRATORY HARLEQUIN DUCKS ACCOMPANY FEMALES TO WINTERING AREAS1
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We describe evidence that Harlequin Duck (Histrionicus histrionicus) broods accompany their mothers from breeding streams to coastal molting or wintering areas. Observations indicated that all surviving female-offspring groups left breeding areas together. We later sighted some family members at the coast near each other, suggesting that they had arrived together, then separated. We observed family groups at wintering areas in August and September. Family groups tended to separate quickly, although some family members maintained contact for over five months. To our knowledge the evidence we provide is the first suggesting that female migratory ducks bring their offspring to wintering areas, a pattern similar to geese and swans. This may be facilitated by an unusual strategy of wing molt, in which Harlequin Ducks molt after migrating to wintering areas. Due to winter pairing and strong philopatry in Harlequin Ducks, migration of families may contribute to genetic differentiation among populations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".