The Labours of Leisure: Work and Workers at the Annual Encampments of the American Canoe Association, 1880–1910
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The late 19th century witnessed an explosion of interest in canoeing as sport, recreation, and leisure in Canada, the United States, and Britain. One of the enduring legacies of the “canoe boom” was the American Canoe Association (aca ), a transnational organization established in 1880 to “unite all amateur canoeists for the purpose of pleasure, health, or exploration.” Annual meetings were central to realizing this mission. For two weeks in August, hundreds of enthusiasts from Canada and the United States came together to camp out, socialize, and race canoes. The encampments would not have occurred – or at the very least they would have looked drastically different – without the carpenters, cooks, servers, performers, and general labourers the organization hired to do the heavy work of construction, maintenance, and service. In spite of their importance, these workers exist, at best, on the margins of the official accounts of the meets; in most cases, they are altogether ignored. Recovery of this labouring past is difficult, and admittedly fragmentary. However, it is critical to the history of labour and of sport. Abstract: La fin du 19eme siecle a vu une explosion d’interet dans le canoe comme un sport, une recreation et des loisirs au Canada, aux Etats-Unis et en Grande-Bretagne. L’un des heritages durables du « boom canoe » a ete l’American Canoe Association (aca ), une organisation transnationale fondee en 1880 a « unir tous les canoeistes amateurs pour le plaisir, la sante ou l’exploration. » Les reunions annuelles etaient au centre de la realisation cette mission. Pendant deux semaines en aout, des centaines de passionnes du Canada et des Etats-Unis se sont reunis pour camper, socialiser, et faire des canots de course. Les campements n’auraient pas eu lieu – ou tout au moins, ils auraient pu etre radicalement differents – sans les charpentiers, les cuisiniers, les serveurs, les interpretes et les travailleurs que l’organisation a embauches pour faire de gros travaux de construction, d’entretien et de service. En depit de leur importance, ces travailleurs existent, au mieux, sur les marges des comptes officiels de la rencontre, dans la plupart des cas, ils sont tout a fait ignores. La recuperation de ce passe du monde du travail est difficile, et certes fragmentaire. Cependant, il est essentiel a l’histoire du travail et du sport.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.025 | 0.008 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.015 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".