Performance of HVDC ground electrode in various soil structures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper discusses and compares HVDC ground electrode design methods in various soil structures. A number of cases are selected based on existing HVDC ground electrodes in order to compare the conventional simplified design method (Method A) with a more advanced grounding design method using a specialized engineering software (Method B). Various soil structures considered include horizontally layered soils, vertically layered soils and finite volume soils. In all cases studied, grounding grid resistances, current distributions, earth surface potentials and touch/step voltages are computed and compared. The results of Method B are also compared with measurements.. For the cases studied in this paper, it is found that the step voltages computed by Method A are usually lower than those obtained using Method B. This is especially true for a horizontal linear electrode for which the step voltages near the end of electrode could be underestimated by as much as 48%. The results presented in this paper provide useful insight and information for accurately designing DC ground electrodes in various soil structures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".