Influence at the Founding: The Federalist Papers' effect on the Ratification of the Constitution
Bibliographic record
Abstract
While the drafting of the American Constitution in the summer of 1787 is recognized as a contentious period, the ratification of the proposed Constitution in each of the states held its own challenges. The Federalist Papers are widely seen as providing the case for the confidentially crafted Constitution, particularly in the state of New York. Yet the extent to which they played a role in convincing citizens and delegates at the time remains unclear. This essay seeks to understand the role that these 85 Federalist Papers played in the Ratification debate in the state of New York.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.050 | 0.123 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.025 | 0.024 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.035 | 0.009 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.011 |
| Research integrity | 0.017 | 0.022 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.015 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".