Naval Chameleons: Re-Evaluating the Legality of Deceptive Lighting Under International Humanitarian Law
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A warship, like a chameleon, can gain a tactical advantage at sea by changing its appearance, and particularly by employing deceptive lighting measures at night. International Humanitarian Law (IHL), however, only permits certain forms of trickery or “ruses” in armed conflicts, while prohibiting more treacherous forms of “perfidy.” In spite of a widespread acceptance of deceptive lighting within naval circles, and a blanket condemnation of the practice from certain academic commentators, this article will demonstrate that deceptive lighting is neither universally permitted nor prohibited under IHL. Naval commanders may require a more nuanced understanding of IHL’s perfidy laws if they are to properly assess the legality of deceptive lighting.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.028 | 0.071 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.012 | 0.043 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.016 | 0.016 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Research integrity | 0.009 | 0.012 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".