The Causes and Characteristics of "Contemporary Slavery": Impacts on Women and Girls
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The word “slave” derives from the Latin word servus which means “a person whose life has been spared (servatus) by the captor” (cited in Archer 267). Today slavery is defined as a “social and economic relationship in which a person is controlled through violence or its threat paid nothing and economically exploited” (Bales 2003:3). Originally debt bondage and indentured servitude were not considered as dehumanizing as chattel slavery or serfdom; thus no efforts were made to eliminate them from societies. Debt bondage and indentured servitude therefore largely replaced slavery when it was finally abolished in the 1880s. The have however assumed attributes that are akin to past forms of enslavement. This paper looks at some of the causes of what I argue are forms of contemporary slavery. Historically existing alongside chattel slavery and serfdom were debt bondage and indentured servitude. There were two phases of indentured servitude (Bush). The first existed in the period between the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries while the second stretched from the nineteenth through early twentieth centuries. Merchants privately organized the first phase of indentured servitude while the British Swiss French and German governments publicly organized the second (Bush). In the first phase which ended with the onset of slavery labour was obtained through indentures from European countries particularly for tobacco cultivation in North America and the Caribbean. (excerpt)
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.007 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".