EMLA and Amethocaine for reduction of children's pain associated with needle insertion
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A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Post-publication record
- Nature
- Retraction
- Reason
- Removed;Withdrawn as Out of Date;
- Date
- 3/13/2014 0:00
- Flagged by OpenAlex?
- Yes
Source: Retraction Watch, joined by DOI. OpenAlex records retraction as is_retracted, a boolean over a state space with at least four values, so it cannot express an expression of concern, a correction or a reinstatement — it reports them as false, which reads as “fine”.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Children often experience pain from needle insertion procedures; therefore, several topical anaesthetics have been developed. OBJECTIVES: To compare the topical anaesthetics amethocaine and an eutectic mixture of local anaesthetics (EMLA) in terms of anaesthetic efficacy, ease of needle insertion and adverse events when used for intravenous cannulation and venipuncture in children. SEARCH STRATEGY: An exhaustive search that included over 30 databases and handsearching reference lists and journals. Language restrictions were not imposed. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized controlled trials were selected that compared EMLA and amethocaine for relieving children's pain from intravenous cannulation or venipuncture. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently determined eligibility for inclusion by assessing trial quality. Details of eligible studies were summarized. One author was contacted for additional information. Information about adverse events was obtained from the text of the trial reports. Review Manager 4.2 was used to perform a meta-analysis and compute relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence intervals. MAIN RESULTS: Six trials consisting of 534 children, three months to 15 years of age, were included in this review. A meta-analysis was done comparing amethocaine with EMLA on anaesthetic efficacy, ease of needle procedure and resultant skin changes. For anaesthetic efficacy, amethocaine significantly reduced the risk of pain compared to EMLA when all pain data were combined into a common pain metric (RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.62 to 0.98); when pain was self-reported by children (RR 0.63, 95% CI 0.45 to 0.87); or when pain was observed by researchers (sensitivity analysis: RR 0.71, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.96). Compared to EMLA, amethocaine significantly reduced the risk of pain when drugs were applied for the following durations: for 30 to 60 minutes (RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.91); when applied according to manufacturer's instructions (sensitivity analysis: RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.89); and when applied for over 60 minutes (RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.51 to 0.96). Amethocaine was also significantly more efficacious than EMLA when used specifically for intravenous cannulation (RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.88). Insufficient data were available to compare anaesthetic efficacy for venipuncture.A comparison of amethocaine and EMLA for ease of a needle procedure was not significant; only one trial reported data that could be included. For skin changes, EMLA was favoured in the analysis of erythema (RR 14.83, 95% CI 2.28 to 96.36). Erythema was observed after use of amethocaine whereas blanching was observed after using EMLA. Adverse effects included itching and one case of conjunctival irritation. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Although EMLA is an effective topical anaesthetic for children, amethocaine is superior in preventing pain associated with needle procedures.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
The record
- Venue
- Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
- Topic
- Field
- Canadian institutions
- University of Alberta
- Funders
- —
- Keywords
- MedicineVenipunctureTetracaineAnesthesiaConfidence intervalPrilocaineAdverse effectLidocaineLocal anestheticRandomized controlled trialLocal anaestheticRelative riskMeta-analysisSurgeryInternal medicine
- Has abstract in OpenAlex
- yes