Bibliographic record
Abstract
The authors describe the design of high resolution CMOS comparators by firstly presenting an analysis of comparators with and without the cross-multiplexed technique (XMT). Analytic formulas for the comparison time and the setup time of the comparator are derived. The comparison times calculated are very close to those obtained using SPICE simulation for large coupling capacitances between stages. For small coupling capacitances, the effect of charge-pumping becomes significant and leads to a deviation of the predicted comparison times from those obtained using SPICE simulation. However, the use of XMT, which increases the effective input voltage and thus reduces the charge-pumping effect, leads to a closer agreement between the calculated and simulated comparison times, as well as a significant reduction in the comparison time for cases with small coupling capacitance, where the magnitude of error voltage due to charge pumping is larger. A design example shows that it is possible to implement a CMOS comparator with an input-voltage resolution of less than 100 mu V and a maximum comparison time of less than 2 mu s using XMT.>
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".