Risk Factors for High and Low Placental Weight
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Placental weight is an independent predictor of adverse perinatal outcome. However, risk factors for high and low placental weight are poorly understood. The objective of this study was to identify maternal, placental, and umbilical cord determinants of placental weight, before and after accounting for birthweight. METHODS: This cohort study of 87,600 singleton births at the Royal Victoria Hospital in Montreal, Canada assessed the relationship between maternal, placental, and umbilical cord characteristics and placental weight (standardised for sex and gestational age). We separately examined risk factors for high (z-score >+1) and low (z-score <-1) placental weight. Multivariable logistic regression was used to study associations after adjusting for confounders and further adjusting for birthweight. RESULTS: Chronic hypertension was associated with low placental weight {relative risk (RR) 2.1 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.8, 2.4] and 1.8 [95% CI 1.5, 2.1] before and after accounting for birthweight}, while pre-eclampsia was associated with low placenta weight before, but not after adjustment for birthweight. Anaemia and gestational diabetes were linked with high placental weight (RRs 1.2-1.4, respectively) before and after adjustment for birthweight, while smoking was linked with high placental weight only after adjustment for birthweight (RR 1.4 [95% CI 1.3, 1.5]). Placental and cord determinants of high placental weight included chorioamnionitis, chorangioma/chorangiosis, circumvallate placenta, marginal cord insertion, and other cord abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS: The broad range of risk factors for high placental weight suggests multiple aetiologic pathways. Future work should seek to understand the pathways by which the placenta adapts to unfavourable intrauterine conditions, which may provide insights into potential therapies.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it