Novel Surfactant Delivery System for Controlling Surfactant Adsorption onto Solid Surfaces. Part III: Oil Displacement Tests
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Surfactant adsorption onto porous media is a significant problem during surfactant flooding in enhanced oil recovery (EOR). As the surfactant solution flows through the oil formation, surfactant concentration in the solution decreases due to adsorption onto the rock surface before the solution reaches the target residual oil saturation zones, rendering the process uneconomical. This paper validates an innovative technological solution to reduce surfactant adsorption onto the reservoir rock by using a surfactant delivery system based on surfactant complexations with β‐cyclodextrin, which releases the surfactant at the target areas within the formation. This study evaluates the performance of this surfactant carrier system in recovering oil through sandpack surfactant flooding displacement tests conducted at simulated reservoir conditions. The experimental results demonstrate that the use of the surfactant delivery system consistently renders higher incremental oil recoveries (up to 73 %) when compared with the oil recovery obtained by conventional surfactant flooding. Therefore, this novel surfactant carrier system is highly effective at reducing surfactant adsorption onto rock formations, which facilitates the propagation and release of the surfactant at the oil saturation zones. This technology has great potential for EOR chemical flooding applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".