Bibliographic record
Abstract
The massive 14 August 2003 power outage evoked eerie reminders of what shook our world on September 11 2001. While early reports indicated that there was no apparent evidence of terrorism in this outage or in blackouts in the UK and Italy. The UK experienced a blackout in south London and surrounding area on August 28, southern Sweden and parts of Denmark on September 23 and Italy on September 28. At the time of this writing, the major outages of August and September 2003 in the US, Ontario Canada, UK and Italy have occurred. A bi-national US-Canada Joint Task Force on the power outage of August 14 investigated what happened and what the root causes were. The outage affected 50 million people, interrupted 60,000-65,000 MW of load initially (approximately 11% of the entire Eastern Interconnection), over 400 Generating units were tripped, and the final steps of the cascading lasted approximately 12 seconds. US-Canada Power Outage Task Force's report was published on Nov. 19, 2003, and root causes cited include: "inadequate situational awareness;" failure to adequately trim trees in its transmission right-of way; and failure of reliability coordinators to promptly identify and deal with problems. Infrastructures depend on the continental power grid to energize and control their operations. Secure and reliable of these networks is fundamental to national and international economy, security and quality of life.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.022 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".