Structured practical experience for Canadian student pharmacists in Ghana
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Volunteering in developing countries is becoming popular for pharmacists and student pharmacists. Additionally, students may receive academic credit for these experiences. It is rare, however, for these internships to be structured and precepted by a practising pharmacist with significant experience working in the local environment. This letter reports a structured practical experience in Ghana for six student pharmacists from the University of Saskatchewan (Saskatoon, Canada), who received academic credit for their time spent in Ghana. The rotation occurred over 5 weeks in March to April 2012 and the primary instructor was a practising pharmacist in Canada who had previously spent 1 year in Ghana developing and coordinating health and medical internships. Local staff at each placement site (described below) were designated as supervisors for the students’ daily work. The objectives by the end of the rotation were to describe contributions of pharmacists in international health settings, to perform daily pharmacy-related activities at a supervised placement site, to create and disseminate at least one health promotion project and to describe pharmacotherapy and treatment principles for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS. In order to accomplish these objectives, the rotation consisted of three core components: a supervised placement, weekly therapeutic topic discussions and a major health promotion/education project. The rotation was supplemented with smaller health promotion projects and cultural integration activities. The students also had the opportunity to visit different regions of Ghana, in order to observe pharmacy practice and health needs of communities throughout the country.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.026 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".