Search for<sup>3</sup>He and<sup>4</sup>He in Arata-Style Palladium Cathodes II: Evidence for Tritium Production
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Measurements have been made of 3He, 4He, and 3H in a sample containing 2.7% of the gas from the interior of an Arata-style hollow palladium electrode charged with ~5 g Pd-black that had undergone electrolysis in D2O as a cathode for 90 days and then as an anode for a further 83 days. There is no evidence for the much larger amounts of 4He observed by Arata and Zhang in similar experiments. However, a very large concentration has been found of 3He, 2.3 ± 0.5 × 1012 atoms/cm3 standard temperature and pressure that apparently can all be attributed to the decay of tritium produced during electrolysis. No direct production of 3He can be specified, a result that is also different from the conclusions of Arata and Zhang. The 3He and tritium measurements and the results of a gas analysis using a Finnigan-type mass spectrometer show that at the end of the anodic electrolysis, the electrode void contained 5.8 ± 0.7 × 1013 atoms tritium in the gas phase as HT, DT, and T2, and 1.7 ± 0.3 × 1015 atoms tritium in the aqueous phase as HTO, DTO, and T2O. At this stage, the gas phase pressure was ~18.8 atm in a free volume of 0.6 cm3, and the total mass of water was ~5.7 mg. The gas phase tritium value is viewed as a lower limit for gaseous tritium produced inside the electrode because some of that tritium must have been removed into the D2O electrolyte during the anodic episode.The 3He and 4He measurements were also made in the two samples of the Pd-black and in sections cut from the walls of both Pd electrodes. The H2O electrolyzed samples did not show any evidence of unusually high 3He and/or 4He, but all the D2O electrolyzed samples showed clear evidence of 3He from tritium decay. A stepwise temperature heating experiment performed with a 24.9-mg sample of the D2O Pd-black showed that the diffusion process for 3He can be described by an equation of the form D = D0 exp(-U/kT) with an activation energy U of 1.1 eV. It is also apparent that the 3He from tritium is quantitatively retained in the Pd-black at room temperature.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".