Sports, Stories and Secularization: Canadian Protestantism at the Turn of the Twentieth Century
Bibliographic record
Abstract
What is secularization? Is Canada a secular society? If so, when did the shift from Christianity to secularization occur? If not, how do we account for the removal of prayer from schools and fluctuating numbers of practicing Christians according to census figures? These questions address the contentious issue of secularization within Canadian historiography. Historians examining the role of religion in Canadian society are forced to confront these issues as the impact of non-religion is central to the understanding of religious adherence. In the early part of the twentieth century, new secular activities created ever increasing competition for the time and attention of Canadians. Because of this, mainstream Protestant religious leaders in English Canada undertook a series of projects to draw the population back into church involvement. Many historians have argued that Canadian religious institutions promoted the increasingly secular Canadian society they were trying to prevent from developing by aligning the church with sports and changing sermon styles. However, based on census data and the continuing influence of mainstream Protestantism in Canadian society until well into the 1930s, the same evidence indicates that in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries Christian churches skilfully adapted to challenging social and economic times in order to remain relevant in Canadian society.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.009 | 0.008 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".