Up-regulation of decoy receptor D6 in COPD
Bibliographic record
Abstract
D6 is a “silent” chemokine-scavenging receptor involved in the intracellular degradation of pro-inflammatory chemokines and resolution of acute inflammatory responses in mice. Recently it has been found that D6 is increased in autoimmune diseases and in organ rejection conditions in humans. To investigate whether D6 is involved in the immune response in patients with COPD, we examined its expression by immunohistochemistry in surgically resected lung specimens from 3 groups of subjects: 16 smokers with COPD (FEV1=57±6%pred), 9 smokers with normal lung function (FEV1=102±3%) and 9 non-smoking controls (FEV1=106±6%). D6 was mainly detected in alveolar macrophages, where it was markedly up-regulated in smokers with COPD compared to control smokers and non-smokers [median (range): 78 (11-100%) vs 5 (0-61%) vs 0 (0-10%,) p<0.0005 for both]. D6 expression was confirmed at mRNA and protein levels by RT-PCR and FACS in alveolar macrophages, isolated from BAL. By immunofluorescence we observed that D6 co-localised mainly within the lysosome-associated macrophagic marker CD68. D6 expression in all patients was related to CD8 T-lymphocytes in alveolar walls (p=0.007,r=0.65) and to the degree of airway obstruction (p=0.0008,r= 0.57). In conclusion, this study shows for the first time that D6 is expressed in alveolar macrophages, is up-regulated in COPD patients and correlates with disease severity and number of CD8 T-lymphocytes. Although up-regulation of D6 may occur as an attempt to tune down inflammation, our results suggest that D6 may be playing an important role in the inflammatory, possibly autoimmune, mechanisms of COPD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".