East and West: Ontario's Influence on the Western Canadian Petroleum Industry
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An enduring myth permeates the Canadian oil patch - eastern Canadians hate the West. Though this theme serves a purpose - like when Westerners want to blame the international economic downturn of the 1980s on Ottawa's infamous National Energy Program - the fact remains that numerous central Canadian petroleum industry pioneers, and some key Americans, migrated west to Alberta in the early 1900s and helped develop an industry that became pivotal to Canada's self-sufficiency in oil, natural gas and bitumen. This paper reviews the careers of important individuals who helped find, develop and sustain the Western Canadian oil industry and explains how this relationship between the regions has contributed to the vitality of the Canadian oil patch. THE PROBLEM Recently it has become apparent that Edmonton and Alberta are to Ottawa as Caracas and Venezuela are to Washington DC - or at least that is the perception that is often experienced in Canada. Imagine, for example, a scenario where Americans citizens moved to Venezuela and created an oil industry using their own financial resources when the markets at home and in Europe refused to invest in their highly speculative ventures. Then after these expats found oil, they made themselves into a cartel of one and used their power to fight against the perceived, and real, injustices perpetrated on them by the colonial power in Washington D.C. Though this story closely resembles the Venezuelan oil development process - where oil was discovered in 1914 on the shores of Lake Maracaibo, it is actually the sequence of events that landed us in the current situation in Canada. Oil was discovered in 1914 at Turner Valley near Calgary and there has been animosity, tension and stress in the relationship between the producer - Alberta, and the consumer - central Canada as represented by Ottawa. In spite of this sometimes antagonistic relationship and the fact that Alberta and Ottawa have differed over programs, policies, taxes, royalties, export agreements, pipelines, regulatory agencies, international trade and many other aspects of the resource development process, the history of the Canadian petroleum industry shows that central Canadians have been deeply involved in the development of the western Canadian oil patch to the benefit of all parts of the country. Even though the relationship is often strained, it has functioned well enough to be of mutual benefit to all parts of the country.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.037 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.015 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".