'Tagging' bills in Parliament : section 75 or section 76?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Constitution provides two procedures for passing ordinary bills in Parliament. Under the s 76 procedure, the provinces have real influence through their participation the NCOP. Under the s 75 procedure, provincial influence is very limited. The Constitution stipulates that bills that fall within an area of concurrent provincial/national competence must follow the s 76 process, but does not set out criteria to determine whether a bill should be 'tagged' as a s 76 or s 75 matter. Currently Parliament uses a Canadian test to 'tag' Bills. However, that approach fails to recognize the constitutional role of the NCOP. It is also designed to decide whether or not laws fall within the jurisdiction of provinces, an issue irrelevant to the tagging decision. This article argues that tagging decisions should be guided by South Africa's constitutional principles establishing the relationship between provinces and the national government, and suggests some criteria to ensure that those bills that most affect provinces are properly considered in the NCOP.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.011 | 0.027 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.010 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.007 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".