Bibliographic record
Abstract
The thermodynamics of asymptotically de Sitter black holes is more complex than that of their asymptotically anti-de Sitter cousins. The reason is twofold: i) An observer in between the black hole and cosmological horizon finds herself in a two temperature non-equilibrium state. ii) The absence of a Killing vector that is timelike everywhere outside the black hole horizon prevents one from defining a good notion of the asymptotic mass. To overcome these difficulties various approaches exist in the literature, for example the effective temperature approach has recently become popular. In this paper we follow a more straightforward path towards the thermodynamics of de Sitter black holes, an approach that will allow us to study these black holes in a way that is analogous to the anti-de Sitter case. As per usual, we formulate several thermodynamic first laws, one for each horizon present in the spacetime, and study their thermodynamics as if they were independent thermodynamic systems characterized by their own temperature. That these systems are not independent and various thermodynamic quantities in them are in fact entangled is reflected by the fact that their thermodynamics can be captured by a single Gibbs free energy-like quantity G. This quantity contains information about possible phase transitions and allows one to uncover a rich phase structure of de Sitter black holes. For example, we discover the presence of reentrant phase transitions for the Kerr-dS black holes in six dimensions, a phenomenon recently observed for their AdS cousins.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".