High gain circular microstrip antennas using TM<sub>1m</sub> modes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
High gain patch antennas are desirable for many applications. For patch antennas printed on common material substrate and operating in the fundamental mode, the gain is limited to a maximum of about 7.5dBi. High gain is achieved via array configurations or by superstrate loading. Array design involves complicated feed network, which introduces losses. Superstrates, which usually uses high dielectric constant material or more recently partially reflective surfaces (PRS), can be used for gain enhancement but at the cost of increased antenna height. Also, moderately high gain values limited to a maximum of 11–12dBi can be achieved via stacked patch configurations. Among the basic patch shapes, solid circular disc has been extensively studied in the past. Its low gain is inherently due to the fundamental mode (TM11) of operation. By operating the disc in higher zeros of order 1 mode i.e. TM1mmodes, where m is the electric field variation along the radial direction, higher broadside gain is expected, due to increase in electrical size of the radiating patch. But, TM1m(m≠1) modes are avoided in literature, due to the high sidelobelevel in the E-plane of radiation patterns, which make them unfit for various applications. As m increases, the number of sidelobes increases and the main beam contracts.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".