Human chorionic gonadotropin beta genes and recurrent miscarriage: expression and variation study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The study focuses on the expression and variation of the genes encoding beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) in the pathogensis of recurrent miscarriage. HCG, one of the first proteins produced by conceptus, is essential for the normal course of human pregnancy. Critical for hCG function is the beta-subunit of the hormone that is coded by four genes (CGB, CGB5, CGB7, CGB) sharing a common gene cluster with highly homologous luteinizing hormone beta-subunit and two beta-subunit non-coding CGB genes. The aim of the study was to (1) determine the expression profile of all CGB genes in trophoblastic tissue during the normal and complicated pregnancy (extrauterine pregnancy, recurrent miscarriage, molar pregnancy) and (2) find variants of HCG beta genes that are related to recurrent miscarriage by resequencing two most actively expressed genes in 284 patients and 195 fertile controls. The results of the study showed that the reduced hormone level in maternal serum in cases of recurrent miscarriages is associated to low transcriptional activity of CGB genes in trophoblastic tissue. The minor allele variants of six polymorphisms in promoter and intronic region of CGB5 and CGB8 reduce the risk of recurrent miscarriage up to 1.8 fold. All these variants occur more frequently in fertile women compared to the patients. Additionally, three non-synonymous amino acid substitutions in CGB5 and CGB8 were identified only in patients with recurrent miscarriage as possible risk variants. The high genetic variation in HCG beta genes may explain large interindividual differences in HCG level during the pregnancy. The results of this study could be applied in development of diagnostic methods for improving early and preventive treatment of recurrent miscarriage.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".