Dysfunction of oxidized pulmonary surfactant is cholesterol-dependent
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction : Pulmonary surfactant dysfunction has been reported for ARDS, ALI and CF, among other inflammatory lung diseases, and associated with impaired lung function. Pulmonary surfactant coats the air-lung interface and reduces surface tension to a near zero value. Low surface tension is necessary for the lung to maintain a large gas exchange area, airway patency and high compliance. This function may become impaired during pulmonary inflammation, where reactive oxygen species (ROS) degrade surfactant lipids and proteins. Here, we show that the inhibitory mechanism is cholesterol dependent. We expose Bovine Lipid Extract Surfactant (BLES) to the Fenton-like reaction as an established model for surfactant, degraded by ROS in the inflamed lung. Function is tested in vitro , in a captive bubble surfactometer, for the oxidized BLES in the presence and absence of cholesterol. Methods : BLES was provided by BLES Biochemicals Inc. BLES was exposed to hydroxyl radicals generated from Fenton-like chemistry for 24 h to produce oxidized BLES. Cholesterol was added to BLES to a final concentration of 8 % wt/wt. Surface activity of surfactant was determined with a computer-controlled captive bubble surfactometer. Conclusion : The current study shows for the first time that the inhibition of surfactant by oxidation is cholesterol-dependent. We argue that the mechanism of surfactant dysfunction demonstrated in vitro is relevant to inflammatory lung diseases.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".