Long-term photometric monitoring of Messier 5 variables - II. Blazhko stars
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The light curves of 50 RRab (RR0) stars in M5 collected in Szeidl et al. (Paper I) are investigated to detect Blazhko modulation. 18 Blazhko stars are identified, and modulation is suspected in two additional cases. The mean pulsation period of Blazhko stars is 0.04 d shorter than the mean period of the entire RRab sample in M5. Among the RRab stars with period shorter than 0.55 d the incidence rate of the modulation is as high as 60 per cent. The mean B−V colours of Blazhko stars overlap with the colours of first overtone RRc (RR1) pulsators. The mean V magnitudes of Blazhko stars are on the average 0.05-mag fainter than those of the RRab stars with stable light curves. Blazhko stars tend to be situated close to the zero-age horizontal branch at the blue edge of the fundamental-mode instability strip in M5. We speculate that this specific location hints that the Blazhko effect may have an evolutionary connection with the mode switch from the fundamental to the overtone-mode pulsation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".