Depression During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Depression affects 9–13% of pregnant women and 12–16% of postpartum women. Rates vary depending on whether depressive symptoms or DSM diagnoses of depression are considered. Risk factors of perinatal depression include socioeconomic status, social support, personality style, personal and family history of depression, and hormonal changes. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) is a self-report instrument commonly used to assess for perinatal depression. The treatment of perinatal depression with antidepressant medication is controversial. Most guidelines recommend psychotherapy for mild to moderate depression and medication for moderate to severe depression. Established psychotherapies include interpersonal psychotherapy and cognitive behavioral therapy, as well as alternative therapies such as infant massage in the postpartum. Although extensive research on perinatal depression has been conducted over the past two decades, future research could include designing prospective, methodologically sound studies with larger samples to compare treatment modalities, teratogenicity associated with pharmacotherapy, and prevalence of perinatal depression in various cultures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".