Occurrences of the cool‐water dalmanelloid brachiopod <i>Heterorthina</i> in the Upper Ordovician of North America
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Through a comparative study with the British type material, several dalmanelloid brachiopod species from the Upper Ordovician of the Cincinnati Arch area of North America (Laurentia) are now confirmed to belong to Heterorthina Bancroft. These include several species previously treated variously as Dalmanella or Onniella , including such classic and widely cited species as ‘ Dalmanella’ emacerata (Hall) and Dalmanella fairmountensis Foerste. These North American forms of Heterorthina belong to the dalmanelloid clade that is characterized by a dorsal medial interspace, and of cool to cold‐water origin. Outside of Laurentia, Heterorthina occurs predominantly in Avalonia and peri‐Gondwanan terranes, such as Iberia (Spain), Armorica (France) and Bohemia, palaeogeographically located between 40° and 60° south. The episodic occurrences of several Heterorthina species in the lower to middle Katian of the Cincinnati Arch area, located around 20°S in the Late Ordovician, are interpreted as opportunistic invasions of a cool‐water brachiopod fauna from higher palaeolatitudes, associated either with oceanic cooling events or with relatively cool deep‐water mass incursions during marine transgressions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".