Short-term 17β-estradiol decreases glucose R<sub>a</sub> but not whole body metabolism during endurance exercise
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The female sex hormone 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) has been shown to increase lipid and decrease carbohydrate utilization in animals. We administrated oral E(2) and placebo (randomized, double blind, crossover) to eight human male subjects for 8 days ( approximately 3 mg/day) and measured respiratory variables, plasma substrates, hormones (E(2), testosterone, leptin, cortisol, insulin, and catecholamines), and substrate utilization during 90 min of endurance exercise. [6,6-(2)H]glucose and [1,1,2,3,3-(2)H]glycerol tracers were used to calculate substrate flux. E(2) administration increased serum E(2) (0.22 to 2.44 nmol/l, P < 0.05) and decreased serum testosterone (19.4 to 11.5 nmol/l, P < 0.05) concentrations, yet there were no treatment effects on any of the other hormones. Glucose rates of appearance (R(a)) and disappearance (R(d)) were lower, and glycerol R(a)-to-R(d) ratio was not affected by E(2) administration. O(2) uptake, CO(2) production, and respiratory exchange ratio were not affected by E(2); however, there was a decrease in heart rate (P < 0.05). Plasma lactate and glycerol were unaffected by E(2); however, glucose was significantly higher (P < 0. 05) during exercise after E(2) administration. We concluded that short-term oral E(2) administration decreased glucose R(a) and R(d), maintained plasma glucose homeostasis, but had no effect on substrate oxidation during exercise in men.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".