What is Spacepower and Does it Constitute a Revolution in Military Affairs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper addresses the first question in its title by examining ways to describe and categorize space activities. It examines the second question by using analogies between previous revolutions in military affairs and spacepower. It describes spacepower three ways: 1) space activity sectors (civil, commercial, intelligence, and defense); 2) military space mission areas (space support, force enhancement, space control, and force application); and 3) Lupton’s four military space doctrines (sanctuary, survivability, control, and high-ground). It also discusses other ways to view space: as an economic center of gravity and a global utility, in terms of seapower and airpower analogies, as a frontier, and in terms of religious implications and the Overview Effect. The paper argues that spacepower will not represent an autonomous revolution in military affairs until space is weaponized.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.020 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.010 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".