Effect of linoleic acid on reproduction and yeast–mycelium dimorphism in the Dutch elm disease pathogens
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Elm populations from North America and Europe were devastated by Dutch elm disease (DED), which is a vascular disease caused by fungi from the genus Ophiostoma (Ascomycota). These pathogens feature a yeast–mycelium dimorphism that may be related to virulence by facilitating colonization of the host xylem. Cyclooxygenases (COX) have been proposed to modulate yeast–mycelium dimorphism of DED fungi, and homologs of cox genes have been found in the nuclear genome of O. novo-ulmi subsp. novo-ulmi. Linoleic acid, a substrate for COX, was reported to stimulate the formation of asexual and sexual reproduction structures in DED strains grown on complex media. We hypothesized that linoleic acid also induced mycelium production in liquid shake culture conditions. Linoleic acid was found to enhance the production of reproductive structures in sexual crosses conducted on a complex medium (elm sapwood agar), but was not sufficient for these structures to form on a minimal medium. In liquid shake cultures grown in a minimal medium, the addition of linoleic acid stimulated mycelial formation. Our results suggest that linoleic acid plays a role in reproduction and dimorphism in the DED pathogens.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".