Measuring the load–deformation response of rockfill columns by a full-scale field test on a natural riverbank
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A full-scale field test loading of a riverbank stabilized with rockfill columns was used to measure the load–deformation characteristics of the reinforced slope. The test site is located on the natural banks of the Red River in the city of Winnipeg. Rockfill column technology has evolved from granular shear key methods for stabilizing slopes. The relatively weak lacustrine clays are stabilized with compacted columns of limestone rockfill. The columns typically extend through the clay stratum and are anchored in the underlying till. The project involved an extensive site investigation, and soils characterization program in preparation for the field test. Eleven 2.1 m diameter columns were tested by loading the bank with 1920 t of fill. The deformations were measured with standard and in-place inclinometers. The pore-water pressure response of the in situ soils was continuously monitored with vibrating wire piezometers. The results have shown that shear stresses are mobilized along the entire length of the column when subjected to loading, and that complete densification is important in minimizing deformations. This paper discusses the design and construction of the field test and presents the results of the monitoring programs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".