Bibliographic record
Abstract
The development of sport during the Victorian and Edwardian period, from a predominantly rural activity pursued mainly by the landed gentry to a mass participation and spectator activity pursued in an urban setting by the middle and working classes, was closely linked to the changes in society resulting from industrialisation. This paper will look firstly at the growth of sport in general as a spectacle during the period, using the sports of horse racing, cricket, football and animal fighting as examples of the developments that took place and the scale of interest in spectator sport. Secondly it will focus on the popularity and the nature of the swimming spectacle. Swimming spectacles, or ‘entertainments’ as they were known, increased in number with the opening of the many new swimming baths that were built during the last quarter of the nineteenth century. The fact that they took place in warm, relatively comfortable, surroundings and took place mainly on weekday evenings thus not clashing with the other weekend sporting spectacles added to the attraction. The diversity of the programmes, the fact that they appealed to both the male and female audience and that on occasions there were substantial bets on the outcome of the events made these entertainments very attractive for large numbers of spectators.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".