“Citizens of the World”: Law, Deportation and the Homo Sacer, 1932–1934
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The post-9/11 era of state-sponsored deportations of suspected terrorists has brought new life to the topic of deportation. This work aims to break new ground in the study of deportation in Canada by blending the social history of the human targets of deportation, with a focus on the laws and state actors responsible for deportation policies as well as introducing new inter-disciplinary theoretical approaches from scholars such as Giorgio Agamben and Nicholas De Genova, thus pushing the boundaries of historical inquiry. The article builds on recent research to explain how deportation, as a “nation-building” policy, could occur in a democracy like Canada as well as explaining why transnational activists were susceptible to it. The article focuses on the case of the “Halifax 10,” a group of ten Communist Party of Canada (CPC) members who were rounded up by the RCMP during secret night-time raids and slotted for deportation during Canada’s Great Depression. The deportations were made possible because of the state’s ability to normalize exceptional wartime powers and use them during peacetime to combat radicalism. Their case also reveals that what made the deportation of transnational activists possible was their occupation of an exceptional space in Canadian society which denied them the legal protections granted to citizens. The article pays particular attention to the jarring effects of deportation on the “bare life” of these transnational activists by drawing on German, Finnish, Polish, Croatian, and Ukrainian sources, thus putting a human face on state deportation policy. For these activists, Canada was viewed as one of many fronts in their international struggle. Les déportations des présumés terroristes de la période d’après le 11 septembre financées par l’É-tat a apporté une nouvelle perception au sujet de la déportation. Ce travail vise à instaurer une nouvelle étude de la question de déportation au Canada en fusionnant l’histoire sociale des cibles humaines de déportation, avec un accent sur les lois et les acteurs chargés de la politiques ainsi que l’introduction de nouvelles approches théoriques interdisciplinaires des érudits tels que Giorgio Abamben et Nicholas De Genova qui poussent ainsi les investigations historiques au-delà des frontières. L’article se fonde sur les recherches récentes pour expliquer comment la déportation, en tant que politique de «construction de la nation», pourrait s’opérer dans une démocratie comme le Canada en expliquant aussi pourquoi les militants transnationaux ont été prédisposés à cela. L’article se concentre sur le cas de «Halifax 10», un groupe de dix partis communistes de Canada (PCC), membres qui ont été raflés par la GRC au cours des nuits d’incursions sécrètes et insérés dans la déportation pendant la Grande Dépression du Canada. Les déportations ont été rendues possibles grâce à la capacité de l’État à normaliser les pouvoirs exceptionnels de guerre et de les utiliser en temps de paix pour lutter contre le radicalisme. Leur cas révèle également que ce qui rend la déportation des militants transnationaux possible était leur occupation d’un espace exceptionnel dans la société canadienne, qui leur a refusé les protections juridiques accordées aux citoyens. L’article accorde une attention particulière aux effets discordants d’expulsion sur la “vie dépouillée” de ces militants transnationaux en incluant les Allemands de sources finlandaises, polonais, croates et ukrainiennes, mettant ainsi un visage humain sur la politique d’expulsion de l’Etat. Pour ces militants, le Canada était considéré comme l’un des nombreux fronts dans leur lutte internationale.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".