Influence of conservation and conventional tillage in cost of labor with farm machines in Albanian conditions.

The basic of agricultural production unit in a country are the agricultural farms. They were established right after the privatization and distribution process of land. This in turn was accompanied by profound economic, social, legal and institutional problems. At the close of such a process a huge number of farms were created in proportionate compliance with the population in a certain rural area and the land made available from the former state farms and cooperatives. The size of the farms depended to a large degree on the number of the family members benefiting from land distribution as well. Soil tillage is, and will remain, the guiding component of soil management and consequently has far-reaching implications for agro ecosystems. Understanding structures and functions of soil ecosystems under different tillage/no tillage practices is an essential requirement for any future farming concepts. Using the knowledge of soil ecology under natural, undisturbed conditions, the paper is focused on how cultivation affects soil and the soil environment. In particular it highlights how methods of soil tillage can influence soil structure, soil chemical processes, soil borne pathogens, and pest species. Covering the aspects of soil tillage on different soil types, the paper concludes with a synthesis of the role of soil tillage in securing a sustainable agricultural environment. Soil tillage in agro-ecosystems offers a broad and comprehensive view of the interrelations of multifaceted tillage practices and the biological, chemical, and physical components of soil ecosystems. Tillage effects are highlighted within the context of the whole farming system, so as to provide the scientific basis for choosing different tillage options in order to achieve the best possible sustainable base for long-lasting agricultural production. The goal of this study is to analyze the influence of different systems of land utilization in energy indicators and cost of farm machinery. The study was conducted at the experimental field of Agricultural University of Tirana (AUT) in a 1.7 ha area in three variants of utilization: conventional, conservative and combining according to randomizer scheme. Soil texture is loam which represents over 65% of Albania's agricultural land. From calculations made on the basis of experimentation results, conservative system of utilization is more economics than others Keyword: utilization, tractor, moldboard plough, chisel plow, farm machinery cost. INTRODUCTION The main requirement in today's soil tillage technology is to determine the optimal system of land tillage. The goal is to decrease the number of interventions and to create a suitable environment for plant development with and affordable cost. The data from literature (ASAE Standards) and the experience of our country (BOROVA.GJ, Teknologjia e mekanizimit buqesor) shows that soil tillage represents 50 to 60% of the total energy used where only plowing consumes 30 to 40% of this energy. What’s more the cost of farm machinery work covers 50% of the total cost in cultivation. Therefore, tillage has a major impact on agricultural production costs. Currently in the developed world there is a general tendency of applying reduced tillage systems thus limiting the usage of conventional system. This comes as a result of high degree of mobility that earth represents today in developed countries like Europe, U.S.A, Canada, Australia etc. Using the conventional systems in these countries now is not productive as it causes many negative effects such as: the Research Journal of Agricultural Science, 42 (1), 2010 610 reduction of food supply and water resources, the decline of physical and mechanical qualities, porosity reduction, large energy consumption and cost increase. These negative effects are eliminated by using reductive systems until zero soil tillage. The study was conducted to test tillage systems or their combination and the impact of energy and economic problems in terms of Albania. The selection of tillage systems or their combination was made depending on natural, agronomic and economic factors of the studied area. MATERIALS AND METHODS Objectives of the study 1. To determine the impact that tillage systems or their combination have on energy indicators (fuel consumption l /ha) 2. To determine the impact that tillage systems or their combination have on cost per hour Leke/h and cost per unit Leke / ha. The study was conducted in the experimental field of AUT in Valias which is located in central mediterranean area of Albania. The average amount of rainfall varies from 950 to1200 mm. Their distribution is erratic. Average temperature varies from 14 to 16 Celsius degrees. Soil type is medium. The period of study was 3 years, from 2004 to 2006. The study was conducted with 3 variants and 4 iterations according to randomizer scheme. Each iteration covers 0,11 ha in a total area of 1.76 ha. The culture planted was maize.

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