Experimental and numerical study of adhesively bonded glass fibre-reinforced polymer – to-steel double-shear lap splices
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study investigates, experimentally and using finite element analysis, the adhesive bond between glass fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP) and steel. Seventeen double-shear lap-splice were fabricated and tested in tension. The results show that the methacrylate adhesive used had higher bond strengths than the epoxy adhesive. A finite element model for selected test specimens was developed to analyze the stress within the adhesive. The model was verified by comparison with strain data from the shear lap-splice tests. The model was used to determine the maximum principal stress in the epoxy adhesive and the maximum shear strain in the methacrylate adhesive at failure, and thus quantify the characteristic strength of these adhesives. It was shown that the ductility of the methacrylate adhesive allowed it to yield at locations of stress concentrations, providing higher splice capacity, despite having a lower nominal shear strength as compared with the epoxy adhesive.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".