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Record W1947217617 · doi:10.18740/s4zp4z

How Insensitive: Principles, Facts and Normative Grounds in Cohen’s Critique of Rawls

2012· article· en· W1947217617 on OpenAlexaffvenue
Daniel Kofman

Bibliographic record

VenueSocialist studies · 2012
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldSocial Sciences
TopicPolitical Philosophy and Ethics
Canadian institutionsUniversity of Ottawa
Fundersnot available
KeywordsEgalitarianismUtilitarianismDoctrineNormativeEpistemologyCeteris paribusEconomic JusticeMoralityReflective equilibriumLaw and economicsMathematical economicsSociologyEconomicsPhilosophyLawPolitical science

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Cohen’s hostility to Rawls’ justification of the Difference Principle by social facts spawned Cohen’s general thesis that ultimate principles of justice and morality are fact-insensitive, but explain how any fact-sensitive principle is grounded in facts. When facts F ground principle P, reformulating this relation as conditional “If F, then P” is trivial and thus explanatorily impotent. Explanatory, hence justificatory, force derives either from subsumption under more general principles, or precisely exhibiting value in light of relevant (actual or hypothetical) facts. In examples where no subsumption occurs, actual facts trivially become hypothetical facts, an empty formalism. Indeed, Rawls’ grounding of principles of justice in “conditions of life” can easily be reformulated as a conditional principle “sensitive” only to hypothetical such conditions, and thus formally fact-insensitive, for all Cohen’s ire against Rawls’s grounding. Moreover, any plausible “ultimate fact-insensitive principle” must be intricately qualified, which tacit ceteris paribus clauses mask. Each qualification implies prioritisation of one principle over another in conceivable circumstances, and wherever the now qualified principle is given scope, that too implies prioritisation over competing principles in typical circumstances. Any principle is thus sensitive to conceivable circumstances of application, as recognised by more sophisticated intuitionisms. Non-trivial ultimate principles – luck egalitarianism, act utilitarianism, etc. - require defense, which inevitably involves showing how they best interpret and respond to facts about human needs, goals, and capacities in predictable circumstances. Finally, the substantive debate between Rawls and Cohen about which facts are relevant to the DP is only obscured by the doctrine of fact-insensitivity. L’hostilité de Cohen envers Rawls fondant le principe de différence sur des faits sociaux a engendré sa théorie générale selon laquelle les principes ultimes de justice et de moralité ne sont pas sensibles aux faits, mais explique que n’importe quel principe sensible aux faits est ancré dans les faits. Quand les faits F expliquent un principe P, une reformulation de cette relation dans la forme conditionnelle « si F, alors P » est triviale et n’apporte rien en termes d’explication. La force explicative et justificative, vient soit de la subsomption par des principes plus généraux soit, lorsqu’il n’y a pas subsomption, précisément parce qu’elle apporte de la valeur à la lumière de faits réels ou hypothétiques… Dans les exemples où il n’y a pas de subsomption, des faits réels deviennent trivialement des faits hypothétiques, un formalisme vide. La manière dont Rawls fonde ses principes de justice sur des « conditions de vie » peut facilement être reformulée comme s’ils étaient des principes conditionnels « sensibles » uniquement à des conditions hypothétiques, devenant ainsi formellement insensible aux faits, esquivant la colère de Cohen contre la méthode fondatrice de Rawls. En outre, n’importe « principe insensible aux faits » plausible doit être qualifié de façon détaillée, ce qui est masqué par les clauses tacites « toutes choses étant égales par ailleurs ». Chaque qualification implique la priorisation d’un principe sur un autre dans des circonstances concevables, et partout où le principe maintenant qualifié est censé être appliqué, cela implique aussi la priorisation sur des principes alternatifs dans des circonstances typiques. N’importe quel principe est ainsi sensible à ses domaines d’application concevables, comme les intuitionnismes sophistiqués le reconnaissent. Les principes ultimes non triviaux – l’égalitarisme des chances, l’utilitarisme des actions, et cetera – doivent être défendus, ce qui implique inévitablement que l’on montre comment ils interprètent et rendent compte de faits relatifs aux besoins, objectifs, et capacités humains dans des circonstances prévisibles. Par conséquent, le débat substantif entre Rawls et Cohen à propos des faits qui sont pertinents dans la formulation du principe de différence est obscurci par la doctrine de l’insensibilité aux faits.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.004
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: Theoretical or conceptual
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.250
Threshold uncertainty score0.745

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.004
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.002
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.176
GPT teacher head0.419
Teacher spread0.244 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designTheoretical or conceptual
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

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Citations6
Published2012
Admission routes2
Has abstractyes

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