The First Fifty Years of the École des Hautes Études Commerciales de Montréal: From “School of Higher Studies” to University Business School
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract:The École des Hautes Études Commerciales de Montréal (HEC) held its first classes in September, 1910. The academic program which was transplanted from Belgium was chosen by Quebec political leaders. Its content was aimed at training men for the diplomatic corps and international commerce. Montreal businessmen saw no need to hire men with such training. It took nearly fifty years of conflict between the Montreal business community and conservative forces within Quebec society before this legacy was overcome. Eventually, candidates were better schooled to give them a chance to become leaders in the Quebec business community. HEC’s early history is a mirror of a wider struggle to gain equal recognition for practical training in medicine, engineering, and business which faced strong resistance from an elite trained in the humanistic tradition.Résumé:L’École des hautes études commerciales de Montréal (HEC) a offert ses premier cours en septembre 1910. Son programme d’études, emprunté à la Belgique, a été choisi par des chefs politiques québécois. Il visait à former des diplomates et des spécialistes du commerce extérieur. Pour leur part, les hommes d’affaires montréalais ne voyaient pas l’utilité d’embaucher des diplômés avec ce genre de formation. Il a fallu presque cinquante ans de conflit entre la communauté des affaires montréalaise et les forces conservatrices dans la société québécoise pour triompher de cet héritage. À la longue, la formation des étudiants de l’École s’améliora et ils purent avoir davantage d’opportunités pour devenir des membres importants du milieu d’affaires québécois. L’histoire des débuts de la HEC reflète une lutte plus grande encore pour une reconnaissance équivalente de la formation professionnelle que ce soit en médecine, en génie ou dans le commerce de la part d’une élite formée à la tradition humaniste.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.043 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".