Railway Finance and National Credit: A Study of Chengdu-Hankou Railway Protect Crisis as a Center
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Revolution of 1911 leading to the collapse of the Qing Dynasty started with the Railway Project Crisis (1911, May) in Sichuan Province, the studies of which have focused on the political and economic game of railway project and reserved capital between both factions, i.e. constitutionalist and revolutionaries, and the Qing Government, but there are a few of researches from the financial point of view, especially, from the perspective of national financial credit as the starting point. In the final analysis, the game interaction between national capital and private capital aims to control the railway monopoly resources. The awakening of national self-awareness of rights, the struggle of local-central power and profits segmentation as well as the magnification of the consciousness of ethnic group all were connected through the new thing of railway finance. The join force from each faction was formed under the private capital financing, with the slogan of breaking the agreements and railway project protection, the vested interest groups were attacked under the shelter of state-owned capital. Because of the private capital financing network represented by the stock by rent extraction, the struggle was abnormally fierce and tough. Construction of railway via foreign debts, in fact, originated from Zhang Zhidong, who referred to the German and Japanese experiences of construction of railway via foreign debts, with the purpose of retaining our sovereignty. That can be seen from his repetition in his memorial. Sheng Xuanhuai, a trader directly inheriting the cause, knew the nature and rights of private capital unclearly. Especially, he nationalized the special financial capital, i.e. Sichuan people’s stock by rent extraction in the simple and crude way, and lacked of in-depth understanding and macroscopic view. Even so, from the perspective of actual long-term rights and interests of the shareholders, the railway state-owned policy by the Qing Government is similar to the policy of original merchant-operated railway. The problem is that at this point, the Qing Government lost credit because of fake constitutionalism in politics and Zhaoxin stock bankruptcy in economics, but applied the foreign railway financial form mechanically to the Chengdu-Hankou railway with loss of political and economic credit. In the face of the private financial groups in the tight-knit network as well as the fierce and persistent struggle, it is no wonder that the Qing Government had “ineffable surprise”. The historical event enlightened that: the form of railway finance is not confined to the state-owned or private-owned or government-merchant joint management forms, the key is that the government providing the state-owned capital should have enough credit in politics and economics, fully consider the benefits of private capital, and give necessary attention and response to reasonable political demands. In this sense, undoubtedly, the credit is the first importance for railway finance with long earning cycle.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".