Civil Society as a Conflictual Sphere in Post-Liberalization Tanzania: The Roles of NGOs and Trade Unions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This book uses a Gramscian perspective to examine the marginalization of trade unions, as part of the reconfiguration of civil society, in post-liberalization Tanzania. The liberalization of the Tanzanian economy, which started during the 1980s and was accompanied by a move to multiparty liberal democracy, has led to conflicts in the sphere of civil society. Since liberalization, influential donors have driven the state to reconstitute civil society, based on a consensual vision, where, in theory, a wide variety of associational groups participate freely in national policy-making processes. However, in practice, the donors have supported the rise to prominence of a few non-governmental organizations versed in a dominant discourse, which revolves around the concepts of partnership, participation and ownership. In contrast, trade unions, by organizing industrial action and rhetorically challenging the state’s treatment of the workforce, are regarded as a threat. They have consequently been marginalized. In responding to their marginalization, trade unions are hampered by two substantive problems: an ideological vacuum concerning perceptions of their role within civil society and structural constraints caused by lack of finance, falling membership and poor facilities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".