Base liquefaction: a mechanism for shear-induced failure of loose granular slopes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
For the deviatoric strain-softening associated with static liquefaction to occur in a landslide, the soil must be contractile, be subjected to a monotonic loading trigger, and be sufficiently saturated to permit the generation of excess pore-water pressures upon loading. It is hypothesized in this paper that static liquefaction might preferentially occur in the saturated granular soil located at the base of the landslide in certain circumstances rather than the well-drained inclined portion of the slope. This hypothesis was tested using the technique of geotechnical centrifuge modelling with a loose granular slope, which was brought to failure under a step-wise increase in groundwater flux. The rising pore-water pressures eventually led to a small localized failure at the toe of the slope. This toe failure acted as the monotonic loading trigger to shear the loose contractile saturated sand at the base of the slope and cause liquefaction to occur in the base region. A back-analysis of the landslide indicates that these types of analyses should be viewed with great caution as the progressive nature of the event following triggering will be likely to lead to erroneous back-calculations of mobilized strength.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".