The first complete description of the holotype of Brachylophosaurus canadensis Sternberg, 1953 (Dinosauria: Hadrosauridae) with comments on intraspecific variation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The holotype of Brachylophosaurus canadensis was collected by C.M. Sternberg in 1936 from the Oldman Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of Alberta, Canada, with a brief description focusing on the cranium following in 1953. A re-description of the holotype skeleton confirms its position as a hadrosaurine dinosaur exhibiting the following unique combination of characters: paddle-like solid nasal crest; posteriorly elongated prefrontal; only the anterior tip of the lacrimal contacting maxilla; extremely elongated anterior maxillary process; and a quadratojugal with a noncrescentic posterior margin variably forming a paraquadratic foramen with the quadrate. Comparison of the holotype with other specimens assigned to the taxon reveals numerous morphological differences. These variable features include the presence/absence of an accessory premaxillary foramen, the number of maxillary/dentary vertical tooth rows, the number of functional teeth per tooth row contributing to the dental occlusal surface, the bones forming the mandibular glenoid, the presence/absence of a nasal foramen, nasal crest morphology, the number of cervical vertebrae, and axis morphology.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".