The first complete description of the holotype of Brachylophosaurus canadensis Sternberg, 1953 (Dinosauria: Hadrosauridae) with comments on intraspecific variation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The holotype of Brachylophosaurus canadensis was collected by C.M. Sternberg in 1936 from the Oldman Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of Alberta, Canada, with a brief description focusing on the cranium following in 1953. A re-description of the holotype skeleton confirms its position as a hadrosaurine dinosaur exhibiting the following unique combination of characters: paddle-like solid nasal crest; posteriorly elongated prefrontal; only the anterior tip of the lacrimal contacting maxilla; extremely elongated anterior maxillary process; and a quadratojugal with a noncrescentic posterior margin variably forming a paraquadratic foramen with the quadrate. Comparison of the holotype with other specimens assigned to the taxon reveals numerous morphological differences. These variable features include the presence/absence of an accessory premaxillary foramen, the number of maxillary/dentary vertical tooth rows, the number of functional teeth per tooth row contributing to the dental occlusal surface, the bones forming the mandibular glenoid, the presence/absence of a nasal foramen, nasal crest morphology, the number of cervical vertebrae, and axis morphology.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".