Parallel evolution of multidrug-resistance in Salmonella enterica isolated from swine
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The increase in frequency of Salmonella enterica resistant to antibiotics in food-producing animals is of great concern to public health. Determining the rate at which different resistance phenotypes are generated and maintained in the environment is thus of great importance. The distribution and evolution of antibiotic resistance and multidrug-resistance in 362 Salmonella stains as part of a cross-sectional study of the Canadian swine industry were investigated. The susceptibility of all isolates to 12 antimicrobial agents was tested and the statistical and phylogenetic distribution of resistance among strains characterized via multilocus sequence typing was studied to test the origin of multidrug-resistance in Salmonella. More than 25% of all isolates were multidrug-resistant, with predominance in serotype Typhimurium, a serotype of vital importance to public health. The strong associations between resistance phenotypes, which differ among serotypes and which is supported by the significant genetic distance between serotypes, was indicative of the independent acquisition of multidrug-resistance in at least two different serotypes, i.e. Typhimurium and Derby. The independent origin of multidrug-resistance in Salmonella indicates that strong selective pressures are present in the environment of the bacteria and that statistical and phylogenetic studies of antibiotic resistance are an essential part in the understanding and the control of the epidemic.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".