Middlepowerism in the Post-Cold War Era: A Critique of Axworthy's Security Policy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Canadian foreign and security policy has traditionally been preoccupied with considerations of Canada’s dependence on, and hence vulnerability to, the international system. Middlepowerism is a pattern of behaviour that Canada has used to offset this dependence on the international system. Practitioners of Canadian foreign policy have applied middlepowerism in different ways but the concept itself has remained consistent. Lloyd Axworthy, Canada’s current Minister of Foreign Affairs, has advocated a more active role for Canada in international affairs. He argues that the security landscape has changed and that ‘human security’ is the new security paradigm in which states much operate. Middlepowerism, as interpreted by Axworthy, involves participation in coalitions of ‘like-minded’ states, cooperation with non-state actors, and public diplomacy. This paper explores middlepowerism with a look at the Treaty banning Anti-Personnel land mines and Canada-NATO relations. It concludes that harsh criticism of Axworthy’s departure from traditional middlepowerism is premature, as Axworthy is limited as to what is possible by virtue of Canada’s dependence on the international system.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".