Influence of freeze–thaw cycles on the performance of covers with capillary barrier effects made of crushed rock–bentonite mixtures to control oxygen migration
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In temperate climates, covers with capillary barrier effects (CCBEs) are being used successfully to prevent oxygen fluxes from reaching covered potentially acid mine drainage (AMD) generating mine tailings. In northern climates, the more attractive option for mine site reclamation is insulation covers, which are designed to keep reactive materials frozen. This article suggests that CCBEs can simultaneously control oxygen migration and mine waste temperature to inhibit AMD generation. However, in northern conditions, where natural fine-grained materials needed for the CCBE moisture-retaining layer are not always available, soil–bentonite mixtures could be used instead. This laboratory study assessed — using instrumented columns — the effects of freeze–thaw cycles on the performance of three CCBEs made with crushed rock–bentonite mixtures. An oxygen diffusion test was developed to determine the effective diffusion coefficient of oxygen (De) and its sensitivity to freeze–thaw cycles. The results show good initial performance for the saturated CCBEs. However, the tested CCBEs are significantly affected by freeze–thaw cycles and have limited oxygen-limiting ability.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".