Changes of Plasma Amino Acid Profile in Hemodialysis Patients
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Healthy nutritional status is crucial for obtaining favorable hemodialysis (HD) and transplantation results in chronic renal failure (CRF), because there is a high incidence of malnutrition in these patients. In addition, there is a remarkable loss of amino acids (AAs) during HD. Purpose: This study examined changes in the serum AA profiles of pre‐ and post‐HD in order to plan a strategy for providing nutritional support to patients on HD. Method: Twenty‐nine stable male patients on HD were enrolled in this study. The criteria for patient selection were urine output less than 200 mL/day, 3 times HD a week, and HD treatment for more than 12 months. Results: Total plasma AA concentrations of pre‐ and post‐HD were 2948.4 ± 543.1 and 2279.2 ± 400.8 mol/L, the difference being highly significant (p < 0.0001). There was also a significant decrease in the level of essential AAs (EAAs, 774.4 ± 163.8 vs. 643.4 ± 142.5 μmol/L, p < 0.0005) and non‐EAAs (2019.0 ± 411.7 vs. 1539.6 ± 278.3 μmol/L, p < 0.0001) after HD. The ratio of the EAAs to the non‐EAAs increased after HD (0.39 ± 0.07 vs. 0.42 ± 0.07 μmol/L). The level of branched chain AAs (BCAAs) of pre‐ and post‐HD was 323.3 ± 73.7 vs. 286.7 ± 71.2 μmol/L and that of aromatic AAs (AAAs) was 180.9 ± 56.2 vs. 137.5 ± 42.6 μmol/L (p < 0.0005), and the BCCA to AAA ratio increased after HD (1.8 ± 0.41 vs. 2.2 ± 0.57 μmol/L, p = 0.01). Among the abnormal AAs which appear in CRF, the concentrations of β‐aminobutyric acid, citrulline, 1‐methyl histidine, phophoserine, and taurine decreased significantly after HD. Conclusion: Patients revealed a large loss of AAs including abnormal‐appearing AAs during HD. The ratios of EAA to non‐EAA and BCAA to AAA increase significantly, which indicates the beneficial effect of HD on the metabolic recovery of the AA profile. But replacing AAs, especially EAAs with high BCAAs, is essential for maintaining nutritional status to compensate the significant loss of AAs during HD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".