Meteorological phenomena associated with wind-power ramps downwind of mountainous terrain
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Wind-power ramps are a significant source of uncertainty in wind-energy forecasting and are a challenge to electric-grid stability. In the Canadian province of Alberta, strong westerly winds buffet the Rocky Mountains creating an abundant yet intermittent wind energy resource in the plains of Alberta. In the current study, wind-power ramp events have been detected and correlated to several environmental factors including time-of-day, atmospheric stability, season and a Föhn wind event known locally as a Chinook wind at a field wind measurement station downstream of the Rocky Mountains. Large wind-power ramps (a 50% change in power in less than 4 h) were found to occur on days when a Föhn wind was present over 50% of the time. The result highlights the importance of this meteorological phenomenon to wind energy production locally and also in regions where Föhn winds occur. The detected wind-power ramps were found to vary significantly with season, with the strongest wind-power ramps emanating from the Rocky Mountains in the winter months under stable atmospheric conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".