Axial transmission assessment of trabecular bone at distal radius using guided wave
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The diagnosis of osteoporosis at skeletal sites composed mainly of trabecular bone, such as distal radius, can be considered clinically more relevant then cortical bone regions. Thus, the possibility to merge the potential of guided waves method to the clinical relevance of trabecular bone assessment is extremely motivating and has not yet been explored in details. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to investigate the feasibility of guided waves method to detect variation in the mechanical properties of trabecular bone at the distal radius using axial transmission. Due to the complexity of the distal region, three-dimensional finite elements simulations were performed using a bone model built from a computed tomography image of a human radius. The accuracy of the numerical model was experimentally validated using a bone phantom. The simulated excitation was transmitted to the radius using a longitudinal load applied to a small circular region at the extremity of distal radius. The identification of the guided waves was evaluated using 2DFFT transform. The results showed that the excitation imposed at the extremity of the distal radius creates guided waves that propagate along the long bone. Furthermore, the identified modes showed high sensitivity to the trabecular bone properties.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".