Bibliographic record
Abstract
Adventure tourism is attracting an increasing scholarly literature, which is particularly focused upon New Zealand, Canada and parts of Asia. Research on adventure tourism in Africa is little developed. The aim of this article is to analyse the growth of adventure tourism at the Zambian city of Livingstone, which is emerging as Africa's ‘adventure tourism capital’.Since 1996 Zambia has sought to promote programmes of economic diversification, partly by marketing the country's tourism experience as the ‘real Africa’. Livingstone and its adventure tourism activities focused on the Zambezi River and Victoria Falls as the leading centre of Zambian tourism. The city's adventure tourism economy has been opened up by foreign investors, mainly from South Africa, Zimbabwe and New Zealand. The cluster of adventure tourism operations is linked to the upgrading of the local tourism infrastructure, most importantly with improved airport facilities and new major South African investments in hotels. Currently, the majority of visitors to Livingstone are intra-African tourists rather than intercontinental tourists. Although Livingstone's recent expansion of tourism has benefited, to some degree, from political instability in Zimbabwe, future propects would be enhanced by stability in Zimbabwe which would improve percenptions of southern Africa as a whole be international tourists.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".