Bibliographic record
Abstract
Adventure tourism is attracting an increasing scholarly literature, which is particularly focused upon New Zealand, Canada and parts of Asia. Research on adventure tourism in Africa is little developed. The aim of this article is to analyse the growth of adventure tourism at the Zambian city of Livingstone, which is emerging as Africa's ‘adventure tourism capital’.Since 1996 Zambia has sought to promote programmes of economic diversification, partly by marketing the country's tourism experience as the ‘real Africa’. Livingstone and its adventure tourism activities focused on the Zambezi River and Victoria Falls as the leading centre of Zambian tourism. The city's adventure tourism economy has been opened up by foreign investors, mainly from South Africa, Zimbabwe and New Zealand. The cluster of adventure tourism operations is linked to the upgrading of the local tourism infrastructure, most importantly with improved airport facilities and new major South African investments in hotels. Currently, the majority of visitors to Livingstone are intra-African tourists rather than intercontinental tourists. Although Livingstone's recent expansion of tourism has benefited, to some degree, from political instability in Zimbabwe, future propects would be enhanced by stability in Zimbabwe which would improve percenptions of southern Africa as a whole be international tourists.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".