Simple and inexpensive devices to measure heart rates of incubating birds
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Heart rate is a useful physiological index for studies of stress, locomotion, and activity patterns. Measuring heart rates of birds without the need to handle individuals is desirable when trapping is problematic or may cause unwanted disturbance. Heart-rate recorders housed in dummy eggs offer an effective solution, but the usefulness of previously described devices is limited by their size, complex construction, and reliance on analog media. We constructed egg-based, heart-rate monitors through simple modifications of inexpensive, commercially available MP3 players and Bluetooth headsets. We compared the merits of each device during tests in the laboratory, an aviary, and the field in 2008. Field testing was undertaken at Presqu’ile Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada, where we recorded heart rates of Common Terns (Sterna hirundo), Caspian Terns (Hydroprogne caspia), and Ring-billed Gulls (Larus delawarensis). Birds incubated dummy eggs normally, with no differences in behavior (all P > 0.05) when incubating either wired (MP3 players) or wireless (Bluetooth) devices. MP3 devices were more reliable in the field. Bluetooth devices often lost pairing with laptop computers (33% of files analyzed contained no signal), produced files with more obscuring noise, and only two could be deployed simultaneously with a single computer; there was no limit on how many MP3 devices could be deployed simultaneously. Common Terns, the smallest of our three focal species, had significantly higher (P < 0.001) mean heart rates (268.6 ± 9.3 beats per min [bpm]) than either Ring-billed Gulls (198.0 ± 7.1 bpm) or Caspian Terns (204.2 ± 8.0 bpm). Heart rates of all three species were consistent with those reported or predicted from previous studies. The MP3 devices we describe provide investigators with a simple, inexpensive, and minimally invasive way to digitally record heart rates of birds of almost any size. Los latidos del corazón son un índice fisiológico útil para estudios de estrés, locomoción y patrones de actividad. Medir los latidos del corazón sin tener que manipular individuos es deseable cuando la captura es problemática o que pueda causar un disturbio no deseado. Grabadoras de latidos del corazón ubicados en huevos artificiales ofrecen una solución efectiva, pero la utilidad de dispositivos previamente descritos es limitada debido a su gran tamaño, compleja construcción y su dependencia de un medidor análogo. Construimos monitores para latidos del corazón diseñados para huevos a través de modificaciones simples y económicas, con instrumentos de MP3 y auriculares bluetooth comercialmente disponibles. Comparamos las mediciones de cada dispositivo por medio de pruebas en el laboratorio, en un aviario, y en el 2008 en le campo. Las pruebas de campo fueron llevadas a cabo en Presqu’ile Provincial Park, Ontario, Canadá, en donde grabamos los latidos del corazón de Sterna hirundo, Hydroprogne caspia y Larus delawarensis. Las aves incubaron huevo artificiales normalmente, sin diferencias en el comportamiento de incubación (todos P > 0.05) con dispositivos con cables (grabadoras MP3) o inalámbrico (Bluetooth). Los dispositivos de MP3 fueron más confiables en el campo. Los dispositivos de Bluetooth usualmente perdían conexión con los computadores portátiles (33% de los archivos no contenían ninguna señal), produjeron archivos con ruido mas críptico, y solo hasta dos pueden ser utilizados simultáneamente en un mismo computador, no hubo limite del numero de dispositivos de MP3 podían ser utilizados simultáneamente. S. hirundo, las mas pequeña de las tres especies tuvo un promedio de latidos del corazón (268.6 ± 9.3 latidos por minute [lpm]) significativamente más alto (P < 0.001), comparado a L. delawarensis (198.0 ± 7.1 lpm) o H. caspia (204.2 ± 8.0 lpm). Los latidos del corazón de las tres especies fue consistente con los reportados o estimados en estudios anteriores. El dispositivo de MP3 que describimos provee una forma simple, económica y poco invasiva para investigadores para digitalmente grabar los latidos del corazón de aves de casi todos los tamaños.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".