Anatomical study of the infraorbital foramen
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Detailed knowledge of variations of the infraorbital foramen (IOF) and the establishment of a constant reference point for needle insertion are important for safe and successful regional block and for avoiding iatrogenic injury to the nerve during surgery in the midfacial region. Infraorbital foramina from 133 sides of 67 dry intact adult skulls of undetermined gender were examined for variations in shape, number, location in relation to bony landmarks, and relationship to the maxillary teeth. The angles of needle insertion in the sagittal and Frankfurt planes were determined. The infraorbital foramina were located at an average distance of 6.33 ± 1.39 mm below the infraorbital margin, 25.69 ± 2.37 mm from the median plane, 15.19 ± 1.70 mm from the lateral margin of the piriform aperture, and 28.41 ± 2.82 mm above the maxillary alveolar border. The average angles of needle insertion through the IOF with the sagittal and Frankfurt planes were 21.14° ± 10.10° and 31.79° ± 7.68°, respectively. Multiple foramina were found in 21% of the hemi-skulls. The foramen was less than 2 mm in size in 23.31% of the hemi-skulls. The position of the IOF with respect to the maxillary teeth varied from the interval between the canine and first premolar to the first molar, but in half of the specimens it lay in line with the second maxillary premolar tooth. The observations made in this study should be useful for planning infraorbital nerve block or surgery around the IOF.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".